By Craig M. White
December 2025
I learned in school history lessons how Roosevelt wanted to work with Stalin to destroy the British Empire. We know for certain that he used WW2 to destroy the Empire. I similarly learned from my Dad how the Americans sold the British rusted old WW1 ships which were mainly useless in WW2; how the British were taken to the edge of bankruptcy before Roosevelt would get involved. He knew what he was doing. Many years later I read an article on this subject by Australian conservative commentator, Bartholomew Santamaria “Roosevelt and Stalin, blood brothers in arms,” The Australian, 2 January 1989.
As we shall learn, this term (‘special relationship’) coined by Winston Churchill in a May 1943 speech has been anything but smooth – instead it has been a rocky road.
However, it does represent an unusually close relationship that seems to have peaked under President Ronald Reagan and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Chiefly because the Anglo-Keltic elements within Britain and America are blood brothers – a bloodline that extends into ancient times and this surmounts physical barriers such as oceans and the passing of time. This aspect needs to be explored in the first instance.
The Ancient Roots of the British and Americans
Many of our readers would be familiar with the concept of the Anglo-Saxons, Kelts and other related peoples of North-west Europe having direct, genetic descent from ancient Israel. They, unlike any other peoples in history, obviously fulfill the prophecies concerning the descendants of Israel in the latter days.
Many excellent (and not so excellent) works have been published on the subject which has been believed and taught for centuries, but gained traction in the second half of the 19th century as ‘knowledge increased’ (Daniel 12:4). Refer to the items available online here on this aspect of the belief which is sometimes known as the ‘truth about Israel’ or ‘British-Israelism.’
In effect this doctrine teaches that the Biblical promises of national greatness given to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh—the sons of Joseph—find their fulfillment in the modern Anglo-Saxon peoples, with Ephraim representing the British (English) people and their Commonwealth, and Manasseh representing the United States of America.
This identification is partially based on Genesis 48, where the patriarch Jacob (Israel) adopts and blesses Joseph’s sons, crossing his hands to place his right hand on the younger Ephraim despite Joseph’s protest. Jacob declares: But his father refused and said, “I know, my son, I know. He also shall become a people, and he also shall be great. Nevertheless, his younger brother [Ephraim] shall be greater than he [Manasseh], and his offspring shall become a multitude of nations.” (Genesis 48:19, ESV). This is interpreted as Ephraim’s promise of becoming a “multitude [or commonwealth] of nations” as fulfilled in the vast British Empire and its colonies; while Manasseh’s destiny as a single “great people” which aligns with America’s rise as a powerful, unified nation – especially during and after WW2. This does not mean that all of the native White peoples of the United Kingdom or the Unites States are descendants of Ephraim and Manasseh as other tribes are represented therein. But, especially in respect to the United States, their home territories are assigned to them as blessings even if, as is the case of America, the Anglo-Saxon element is a clear minority today.
Later, the blessings are referred to again in Deuteronomy 33, where Moses pronounces prosperity on the tribe of Joseph (Ephraim and Manasseh): “And of Joseph he said, “Blessed by the LORD be his land, with the choicest gifts of heaven above, and of the deep that crouches beneath, with the choicest fruits of the sun and the rich yield of the months, with the finest produce of the ancient mountains and the abundance of the everlasting hills.” (Deuteronomy 33:13-15, ESV). Notice that Moses further describes the strength of these people: “A firstborn bull – he has majesty, and his horns are the horns of a wild ox; with them he shall gore the peoples, all of them, to the ends of the earth; they are the ten thousands of Ephraim, and they are the thousands of Manasseh.” (Deuteronomy 33:17, ESV). We can view this as prophetic of colonial expansion and military dominance, with Ephraim’s “ten thousands” symbolising greater numbers and influence compared to Manasseh’s “thousands.” It seems that if one were to add up all the descendants of Ephraim over the centuries including those in the colonies, they would outnumber the Anglo-Saxon Americans.
However, these numbers are likely to be metaphorical. For instance, scholars such as Jeffrey Tigay, The JPS Torah Commentary: Deuteronomy (1996), p. 329; Peter Craigie, The Book of Deuteronomy. New International Commentary on the Old Testament (1976), p. 399; and Duane Christensen, “Deuteronomy 21:10–34:12”, Word Biblical Commentary, (Vol. 6B, 2002), p. 839 argue that these numbers figuratively denote their relative population size and strength, not literal numbers, in a poetic prophecy of tribal vigour and success.
Of importance to the equation is the British Royalty. Notice Genesis 35:11 where God to Jacob: “And God said to him, ‘I am God Almighty: be fruitful and multiply. A nation and a company of nations shall come from you, and kings shall come from your own body.'” This is linked to the British monarchy, descendants of David and the empire’s multitude of nations under one crown.
A key aspect of the theory is the sequence of greatness: Manasseh, though the elder, would achieve prominence after Ephraim. Historically, the British Empire reached its zenith in the 19th century as the world’s foremost power, while the United States emerged as the leading superpower in the 20th century, particularly after WW2—separating from Britain and surpassing it in economic and military might. This aligns with Jacob’s words that Manasseh “also shall be great” but that Ephraim “shall be greater” first, with the elder serving the younger in timing (cp. Genesis 48:19-20). Thus, America’s later ascendancy is viewed as the fulfillment of Manasseh following Ephraim in national blessing and global influence.
But how did Manasseh surpass Ephraim? American was already gradually rising to be a great nation and could have worked together with the British to dominate and uplift the world. Instead, Roosevelt and others decided to destroy the British Empire. Unfathomable from a Christian perspective, but something he and his administration fervently believed in such a cause.
Without realising it, he was helping along the passing of the baton from Ephraim to Manasseh. Historians such as Kathleen Burk capture this historical movement.
The writings of Kathleen Burk
Some years ago I attended a free lecture at the US Studies Centre (University of Sydney) featuring Prof. Kathleen Burk. During the lecture, Ms Burk mentioned how indeed Roosevelt wanted to work with Stalin against the Empire and has written about it. She is probably the world’s foremost expert on the British-American ‘special relationship’ having studied for her PhD at Oxford University, supervised by the renowned historian Alan J. P. Taylor.
In her book The Lion and the Eagle: The Interaction of the British and American Empires, 1783–1972 (2018), Burk examines the Anglo-American relationship through the perspectives of both imperial rivalry and cooperation, placing emphasis on WW2. She contends that President Franklin D. Roosevelt perceived the British Empire as fundamentally opposed to American principles of self-determination and reform, and he actively endeavoured to weaken it through wartime strategies and diplomatic efforts. She underscores Roosevelt’s inclination to partner with the Soviet Union—a socially progressive entity in his view—rather than with Britain, which he saw as a waning, conservative imperial power. This view diminished Winston Churchill’s influence and hastened the Empire’s decline.
Regarding Roosevelt’s scepticism towards British imperial intentions and his advocacy for decolonisation through the Atlantic Charter (1941), she and others noted that Roosevelt’ wartime policies of the Atlantic Charter and Lend-Lease were largely designed to dismantle the British Empire. Roosevelt demanded ‘freedom of the seas’, self-determination for colonised nations, and the termination of the Sterling Zone as prerequisites for supporting Britain’s war efforts.
In terms of his strategic alignment with Stalin and his humiliation of Churchill, Burk outlines Roosevelt’s attempts to forge a U.S.-Soviet partnership by marginalising Britain: “It might be a surprise to learn that the Churchill-Roosevelt relationship began to break down in 1943. Roosevelt perceived the USSR as, like the US, a socially reforming nation; conversely, he saw the UK as the controller of a huge empire, antipathetic to American values.” (“From Churchill and Roosevelt to May and Trump: 75 years of the ‘special relationship’ between the US and the UK”, published on HistoryExtra, a BBC History Magazine site during the Summer of 2018.)
WW2 provided the opportunity to Manasseh to seize the moment and take over from Ephraim. Yet those involved at the top (Roosevelt and Churchill) did not know that they were fulfilling the prophecy!
Christopher Simon noted in his Blowback: America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Destructive Impact on Our Domestic and Foreign Policy (2014) “Roosevelt repeatedly went out of his way to humiliate Churchill in front of Stalin during the Tehran Conference of the Big Three in 1943. On one occasion the President mocked Churchill’s British accent and mannerisms until the Prime Minister stalked out of the room in the middle of a state dinner.” (p. 251)
In The Lion and the Eagle she wrote: “From the American conquest of the Philippines to the dismantling of the British Empire. The Pax Americana supplanted the Pax Britannica.” (p. 427) The U.S. not only declined to support the Empire but actively replaced it, with Soviet alignment acting as a counterbalance to British influence in international negotiations.
Burk has written or edited numerous books concerning Anglo-American relations, frequently focusing on the economic, diplomatic, and imperial tensions that characterised the Roosevelt era. Among these works are Old World, New World: The Story of Britain and America (2007) which represents a thorough history of Anglo-American relations from 1607 to the Iraq War, with chapters on imperial tensions during WWII. She discusses Lend-Lease as an anti-imperial instrument.
Anglo-American Relations in the Twentieth Century (co-edited with S. A. Hatton) (1995) is a collection of essays addressing diplomatic changes, including the strains of the WW2 alliance. It challenges the myths of seamless unity.
In her lecture We Are Down on Our Knees to the Americans: Anglo-American Relations in the Twentieth Century (8 October 1996) Burk emphasises Roosevelt’s use of aid to extract imperial concessions: “The Americans were determined to get rid of [the British Empire] and all the other European versions, and put themselves in charge.”
The Real Cost of Britain’s World War 2 Alliance with the United States
For decades a persistent myth has circulated that Britain somehow emerged from WW2 without ever paying for American help, or that the price was trivial – a few islands here, a handful of blueprints there. The historical record tells a rather different and far more painful story.
Ephraim more than paid its share to Manasseh!
1939–1940: Cash-and-Carry and the Brink of Bankruptcy:
When war broke out in September 1939, the United States was neutral, and its laws permitted only “cash-and-carry” purchases of arms: buyers had to pay upfront in gold or dollars and carry the goods away in their own ships. Britain and France resultantly paid. By the summer of 1940, however, Britain’s liquid reserves were almost exhausted. Hundreds of tonnes of gold were shipped across the Atlantic. By December 1940 the Treasury calculated Britain could continue cash purchases for only another four to six weeks. The country was, in the words of John Maynard Keynes, “financially prostrate”.
March 1941: Lend-Lease to the Rescue:
President Roosevelt’s Lend-Lease Act, signed on 11 March 1941, changed everything. Described by him as lending a garden hose to a neighbour whose house is on fire, it allowed the United States to supply war material without immediate payment. The earlier September 1940 “Destroyers-for-Bases” agreement was a separate transaction to “Lend-Lease”. In exchange for fifty old WW1-vintage American destroyers (most built 1917–1920 and in need of extensive refits), Britain granted the United States 99-year leases on naval and air bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, and several Caribbean territories. Sovereignty over the territories themselves was never transferred.
1945–2006: The Post-War Reckoning
Victory in 1945 did not wipe the slate clean. The United States terminated Lend-Lease almost immediately after VJ Day, and presented Britain with a bill for undelivered civilian-type goods still in the pipeline. Further, to keep the British economy afloat, Washington offered a new Anglo-American Financial Agreement in December 1945: a $3.75 billion loan at 2% interest (plus a separate Canadian loan of $1.2 billion on similar terms). The final payment of £43 million (about $83 million at the time) was made on 29 December 2006. In nominal terms Britain repaid roughly twice the original principal once interest was included.
In the end Britain paid with:
• Its entire gold and dollar reserves in 1939–1940, plus forced asset sales until the treasury was empty.
• Long-term base rights across the Western Hemisphere in 1940.
• $31 billion in munitions and supplies received virtually interest-free during the war.
• A $4.95 billion post-war loan repaid with interest over six decades, plus the accelerated unwinding of the sterling area privileges and imperial trade preferences.
Further, Roosevelt strongly pressured Britain to grant India independence (or at least a clear path to it) as a condition tied to American wartime assistance during WW2, though he never made it a formal, absolute precondition for all aid.
He was genuinely anti-colonial and believed the Atlantic Charter (August 1941), which he co-authored with Churchill, applied universally – including to the British Empire. Article 3 of the Charter stated, “the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live.” And throughout 1942, Roosevelt sent multiple personal messages to Churchill urging Indian independence or major concessions to the Indian National Congress.
The terms were harsh by any standard, and many Britons at the time felt betrayed by an ally they had stood alone against Hitler for eighteen months. Britain survived, won the war, and eventually settled everything the agreements required.
Ephraim and Manasseh – transfer of Global Dominance
My Father used to rail against Roosevelt’s dirty deeds – coming in at the last possible moment (a bit like what happened during WW1) and using WW2 assistance as leverage to completely eliminate the British Empire.
But, perhaps, this can be seen in the prophetic context of the transfer of world leadership from Ephraim (British Anglo-Saxons plus Kelts) to Manasseh (American Anglo-Saxons plus Kelts)
Historically, at its height, the British Empire embodied “Israel’s power” with unmatched naval/military might, global colonisation, economic control, and missionary spread. Later, the American rise could have complemented it as the “great nation”, but instead they decided to destroy the Empire. So, America replaced the Empire and established itself as dominant. It has had its ups and downs and currently seems to be rising again and if genuine conservatives take office in Britain, Canada and Australia over the coming years, this would ensure that the ‘special relationship’ continues on, reasserting the dominance of the House of Joseph across the world. At least for some years.
God provides us with this prophecy via Micah:
“And the remnant of Jacob shall be among the nations, in the midst of many peoples, like a lion among the beasts of the forest, like a young lion among flocks of sheep, which, when it goes through, treads down and tears in pieces, and there is none to deliver.” (Micah 5:8, ESV. Cp Deuteronomy 33:17)
This verse describes the awesome strength and dominance of the Israel – and in particular the descendants of Joseph (Ephraim and Manasseh) among the nations, portraying them as powerful and unstoppable like a lion!
However, when it is God’s time, He will raise up gentile powers that can and will afflict terrible harm to these peoples. In the meantime, let us enjoy the blessings He has bestowed upon the Israelites in these last days.
Editor’s Note: Craig White of Sydney, Australia is one of the most prolific writers, researchers and archivists in the history of the Church of God, and a contributor to World News and Prophecy Review. We are pleased to showcase Craig’s work and encourage you to visit his extensive collection of work at his website: FOS | Friends of Sabbath
World News and Prophecy Review
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